Thank You for Smoking Review Essay Example

Tao Te Ching free essay sample

The creators of these two reports had totally different thoughts of how a ruler ought to carry on and how an administration ought to be run. One accepted that the ruler could achieve the most by doing the least; the other accepted that by controlling how the open apparent a ruler was what might make him a triumph or a disappointment. Machiavelli accepted that to manage the ruler must do things that would win endorsement with his kin, and that the sovereign should consistently keep and keep up arms to stay in power. Then again Lao-tzu accepted that the ace governed with as meager inclusion as could reasonably be expected, he accepted that to â€Å"not do† would have the best impact, and that to utilize arms as just a final retreat. With simply these two models it turns out to be clear how extraordinary the creators saw administration and government. All through Lao-tzu’s Tao-te Ching are models that show he feels that an ace should administer by doing as meager as conceivable to convince individuals to make the right decision. We will compose a custom article test on Tao Te Ching or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He accepts that when an ace principles.

Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms and Treatments

Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms and Treatments More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology According to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 7.6 million American adults suffer from antisocial personality disorder. People who suffer from antisocial personality disorder have little or no regard for right or wrong. They antagonize and often intentionally harm others and are indifferent to the pain and suffering that other people experience. Individuals with this disorder may lie, engage in aggressive or violent behavior, and participate in criminal activity. According to some critics, the DSM diagnostic criteria are too focused on behaviors commonly displayed by those with antisocial personality disorder, such as fire-setting, cruelty to animals, and difficulties with authority figures. Because of this, it is possible that the prevalence of this disorder has been overstated. Regardless of this possibility, these behaviors often lead to major difficulties in many life areas, including work and personal relationships and the disorder is often linked to criminal behavior. Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder Individuals with antisocial personality disorder:May begin displaying symptoms during childhood. Such behaviors include fire setting, cruelty to animals, and difficulty with authority.Often have legal problems resulting from failures to conform to social norms and a lack of concern for the rights of others.Often act out impulsively and fail to consider the consequences of their actions.Display aggressiveness and irritability that often lead to physical assaults.Have difficulty feeling empathy for others. This inability to consider the thoughts, feelings,  and motivations of other people can lead to disregard for others.Display a lack of remorse for damaging behavior.Often have poor or abusive relationships with others and are more likely to abuse or neglect their children.Frequently  lies and deceives others for personal gain. The disorder often begins during childhood although it is often not diagnosed until later in life. As children, those who develop this disorder often experience violent bursts of anger, are cruel to animals and are often described as bullies by their peers. As adults, the disorder can be destructive to both the person suffering and those who come into contact with the individual. People with antisocial personality disorder are more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors, dangerous activities, and criminal acts. Those with the disorder are often described as having no conscience and feel no regret or remorse for their harmful actions. Causes The exact causes of antisocial personality disorder are not known. Personality is shaped by a variety of forces including nature and nurture. Genetics are thought to play a role in the development of antisocial behavior. However, upbringing can also have an important influence. Many researchers believe that APD is likely strongly linked to inheritance and that environmental influences probably exacerbate its development. A number of factors have been found to increase the risk of the disorder including smoking during pregnancy and abnormal brain function. People with the disorder also tend to require greater stimulation and may seek out dangerous or even illegal activities to raise their arousal to an optimal level. Childhood abuse and neglect have also been linked to the onset of APD. Since their parents are abusive and dysfunctional, these children may learn such behavioral patterns and later display them with their own kids. Kids who grow up in disorganized and neglectful homes also lack the opportunities to develop a strong sense of discipline, self-control, and empathy for others. Treatments Those with antisocial personality disorder rarely seek out treatment on their own. Individuals generally receive treatment only after some type of altercation with the legal system. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be useful in helping individuals gain insight into their behaviors and to change maladaptive thought patterns. Effective results usually occur only after long-term treatment. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Persuasive Essay Capital Punishment - 1200 Words

Persuasive Essay Ethan Martin Communications 100 October 18th 2015 Capital Punishment Capital punishment, which is also known as the death penalty, is the punishment of a crime by execution. This extreme retribution is reserved for those who have committed heinous, or capital crimes against society, therefore considered an ongoing threat. Capital punishment was abolished from the Canadian Criminal Code in 1976. It was substituted with a compulsory life sentence without possibility of parole for 25 years for all first-degree murders. However capital punishment is still practiced in over 30 of the 50 states in the USA. Some say that Capital Punishment is an unjust solution to crime, and others say that it isn’t a solution at all, as it is subject to flaws just as any system can be flawed. Dating back, before the Eighteenth Century B.C., Capital Punishment has been an integral part of the judicial system in the majority of countries. Considered to be the ultimate punishment, few criminal offenders will receive this ultimate form of retribution. The State of Texas has the highest record of executions at 300 since the 1970’s. Those executed are murderers and those who have committed serious offenses. The idea is an eye for an eye, but as Gandhi wisely stated, â€Å"An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind†. Shockingly, there have been convicted criminals executed only to be proven innocent later, this is far too late after they have long beenShow MoreRelated Persuasive Essay Against Capital Punishment753 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Essay Against Capital Punishment â€Å"Kill. (Verb) To make someone or something die.† Does anyone really think they have the right to take another person’s life? Apparently yes. Perhaps we should give the judge a knife and tell her that if she has decided that the accused is guilty, she should stab him herself. Perhaps then she would hesitate. But if many people (hundreds or thousands who operate the judicial system) are involved, it spreads, or evenRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment1723 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment is a form of execution sanctioned by the government as a form of punishment to the capital law offenders by the death penalty. The kind of criminal offenses that punishment is through death is the capital offenses to which include treason, genocide, espionage, murder, war crimes and crimes against humanity. This kind of sentence majorly aims at the major heinous crimes. This type of the penalty is majorly carried out through various means depending on the country in question.Read MorePersuasive Essay for Pro Capital Punishment1283 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Essay Why Capital Punishment Should Remain in Effect Stefanie Ridgway DeVry University, ENGL 112 Professor Adams April 19, 2010 Capital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been effective tool in our country’s justice system since its inception. When an inmate is given this, the harshest sentence available, it is always with just cause. Capital Punishment is an important tool in our criminal justice system today and there are several reasons it should remainRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment1031 Words   |  5 Pages Capital punishment is an issue that has long been debated amongst Americans. We have been questioning the morality of an Eye For an Eye way of thinking. Many say that serious crimes deserve serious punishments such as death, where others view death to be an unjust punishment for any crime. Each side seems to be equal in its volume of supporters. There are also many who ride the fence on the issue, unconvinced of either side. I, however, am writing to illustrate the immoral view of capital punishmentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment1621 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesThe use of capital punishment in the United States has been the center of a heated debate for nearly six decades. Prior to the 1960’s society accepted the idea that the interpretation of the fifth, eighth, and fourteenth amendment permitted the use of capital punishment; however, it was suggested in the 1960’s that capital punishment constituted â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment†. (www.deathpenaltyinfo.org) â€Å"In 1958, the Supreme Court had decided that the Eighth Amendment contained an evolving standardRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment1414 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment is a heated topic in today’s America. Capital punishment is the repercussion of a capital crime; most capital crimes committed in America are murders. The crime of murder can be punishable by the death penalty. A great way to stop future killing from happening is capital punishment but it is only currently allowed in 32 of the 50 states. Murder in America is at such a high rate that there needs to be something done to help stop the climbing rate. In Edward Koch’s essay â€Å"Death andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment921 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a controversial debate in the United States. Many Americans believe that the death penalty is immoral because of its ethical complications. Still others believe that capital punishment is a cheaper and quicker way for justice to be served. When the government houses inmates, vast amounts of money are spent on food, medication, and clothing for inmates to survive in prison. Yet, the majority of America still allows for the practice of capital punishment in several manners suchRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment906 Words   |  4 PagesWhen talking about social injustices, capital punishment is the worst one of all. It is the final straw of any government sanctioned disciplinary action. There is no going back, no reversing or patch ing up mistakes. When a government makes the decision to exact capital punishment on someone, that’s it. They can no longer redeem themselves, atone for their sins, and try to contribute to society in a good, well-mannered way because they will no longer exist in this world. This act of ‘justice’ is clearlyRead MoreCapital Punishment : Persuasive Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesDeAnna Pirrie ENG 201 Troxell A2D1 Illegalization of Capital Punishment Audience: Citizens of States with Capital Punishment â€Å"Two wrongs don’t make a right† is a saying that a lot of mothers use with their children regarding their actions. This saying also goes hand in hand with the issue of capital punishment. Capital punishment has been a penalty for crimes in the United States since before the Declaration of Independence was created. Some states have abolished this type of penalty for criminals;Read MoreCapital Punishment : Persuasive Essay1786 Words   |  8 PagesNearly half of the world today has capital punishment laws in place. With a large percentage of those countries, maintaining moratoriums for more than 10 years. and the other half of the country s abolishing capital punishment . Here in the United States, we practice capital punishment for those that commit some of the most heinous of offenses . The United State has struggled to justify capital punishment with 18 states abolishing the practice and almost all states having a history of abolishment

God Vs. Morality - 1113 Words

Kalee M. Ewald Professor Mark Kelley PHIL101 18 October 2015 God vs. Morality While going over the topic I chose, other questions came to mind like: does God exist? What exactly is murder? What does Moral mean? Can morality be based on other standard than the belief in God? With that, can individuals with conflicting religious beliefs resolve a dispute over what morality is? In my assessment I will argue that morality has no specific meaning other than that it is the cultural standard or custom as applied to individual behavior over time. These new questions develop a new route of understanding by first examining into what a moral is. â€Å"A moral is defined as a societal code of conduct based on religious, familial, or societal standards applied to individual behavior, over the course of time† (Bernard). In this definition, the existence of God is not anticipated, nor is it required, to answer the question. In our world there are cultures of people that have developed very different moral standards. In the United States, for example, morality tends to be grounded on a religious dais and applied to all people in the form of Laws. In the U.S. it is illegal to â€Å"murder† someone though as yet I have not demarcated the term; therefore, by default it is immoral. If one were to go more Eastern, it might be learned that what we as a society find offensive, is perfectly in-line with their culture and societies and for that reason, not immoral. So morality really has no detailed meaningShow MoreRelatedIf God Eoes Not Exist, Everything Is Permitted Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"If God does not exist, everything is permitted.† by Fyodor Dostoyevsky is a popular phrase used by theists, theologians and conservatives when questioned about the connection between faith in God and morality. In other words it is claimed that without the belief in a supreme supernatural figure who maintains law and order in the whole of cosmos, a man cannot regulate himself as a socially and morally acceptable individual. This in fact presents a major logical fallacy since it is based on a beliefRead MoreMorality And Religion : Morality985 Words   |  4 PagesMorality and Religion: a Response to Does Morality Need Religion (Prompt 1) Some people believe our life is based off of morals, a belief of right/justification or wrong/ unjust. Living this way perceives their ways of the world by doing what they feel is good or bad or what is lead by their conscience regardless of religion. Others believe in religion, a feeling or act of faith, from God or â€Å"gods† ( Merriam-Webster). These acts motivated by faith and God/ â€Å"gods† provide a comprehension betweenRead MoreChild Development Theories1324 Words   |  6 Pagesstrength) develops. The eight stages include: Basic trust vs. mistrust (birth to 12-18 months); baby develops sense of whether the world is a good and safe; the virtue is hope Autonomy vs. shame (12-18 months- 3 years); child develops balance of independence and self-efficiency over shame and doubt with virtue of will Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years), child develops initiative without guilt with the virtue being purpose Industry vs. inferiority (6 years to puberty),child must learn skillsRead MoreNatural Law Enforces Human Rights907 Words   |  4 Pageslegal theory of natural law the law that comes from God s nature and inherent right and wrong as He defines it furthermore a legal system based on legal positivism (law is derived from whatever man says is law - no inherent right and wrong). Prior to the turn of the 20th century, legal philosophy from whence laws were derived in the Western world was based upon a natural law theory. A belief that there was an inherent right and wrong based on God s principles. In the late 1800 s early 1900 sRead MoreSources Of Morality And Morality1424 Words   |  6 PagesScott Wothke Dr. Bernstein PHIL 290 02/12/2016 Source of Morality Imagine a world filled with chaos, brutality, death, and fear, a world where no laws govern the people, and the people feel no sense of right or wrong, a hellish world in which morality is a things of nonexistence. A world that to our knowledge never existed, so that begs the questions where did morality come from, and what exactly is it? A simple definition would state, the principles concerning the distinction between right andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Batman And The Dark Knight Rises Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesThere are five types of conflict that a character can experience: Person vs. Person, Person vs. Society, Person vs. God/Fate/ Destiny, Person vs. Self, and Person vs. Nature or Technology. Person vs. Person is conflict in which one character will oppose or be opposed by another character and an example of this is Creed where Adonis Creed fights Ricky Conlan so that Adonis can be the heavyweight champion. Person vs. Society is conflict in which a character and the society that he/she lives in areRead MoreDoes Religion Imply Morality?1321 Words   |  6 PagesDoes religion imply morality? Not exactly, according to research. Contrary to popular belief, non-religious persons are not evil and do have morals. In fact research shows that people associated with no religion may be more moral than those who are religious. Furthermore, the irreligious do good deeds for the sake of being a good person, while religious people tend to do it for recognition or because someone or something tells them to. The origin, the truth, and the perpetuation of this stereotypeRead MoreEthics, Unnatural Laws, By Arthur A. Leff1161 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach when determining what morality should be comprised of. He suggested that humans struggle with desiring to follow a predetermined and unchallengeable set of moral rules, while at the same time wanting the autonomy to create those rules. If ethical rules are preordained, they would need to come from a supernatural being that was unruled, unjudged, and beyond question: God. If God exists, we are created to fit into His system and should therefore abide by His rules. God dictates the laws of theRead MoreA Case For Integration And The Existence Of God1152 Words   |  5 Pageswill attempt to discuss at length the importance of depravity as contrasted with the existence of God and in context of psychology, the importance of moral authority provided by God’s existence in relation to psychology, and finally an introduction to the benefits psychology affords to the efforts of theology to restore fellowship between mankind and God and vice-versa. Human ownership of morality limits the number of options psychology can advocate. In personal crisis situations the patient couldRead MoreA Decent Job At Separating Religion From Morality1405 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough some may say religion relates to morals, apparently the philosophers we have covered thus far do not believe such a thing. For religious people, morality may be pushed by religion in their regards to the fear of the consequences god will bring if one disobeys his laws. Although this can be related to consequentialism, it is not the same kind of consequentialism Mills and Bentham use. Morals can be dependent of an individual’s preferences depending on the individual’s motives behind their

Topics in Cultural Studies Unit 3 Group Project Free Essays

Abstract India, Africa, China, and the Americas all experienced syncretism in different ways and at different levels of intensity. Some benefited economically and culturally from this exchange of cultures and goods. Some would have been much better off if left alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Topics in Cultural Studies Unit 3 Group Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now We will discuss the different effects of syncretism on these countries and how they are still feeling these effects today. Syncretism: the Assimilation of Cultures By definition, syncretism is the attempted union of different principles or cultures. Syncretism is a term that can be applied to English Colonists in North and South America when they attempted to merge with various native tribes. These colonists introduced many new things to the natives including religion, weapons, medicine, and various customs. The new technology was similar to magic to these groups of people who were accustomed to living among the trees and wildlife in the wilderness. Africans were able to gain from the many technological advances of the Europeans. A large portion of African culture derived from European Language, religion and customs (Sayre, 2010). On the contrary, only a small portion of African culture was adapted to European culture. The Europeans could have learned much from the seemingly primitive African Nation. Unfortunately Europeans treated Africans like commodities to be bought and sold. In America, Europeans attempted syncretism with the Native Americans with moderate success. The majority of Native Americans were peaceful and open to change. It wasn’t until the European Settlers made life altering changes like destroying herds of buffalo that syncretism became difficult and resulted in events like the Trail of Tears ( The Trail of Tears , 2012). Overall the Native American and African Cultures were open to change and made little resistance to syncretism. On the other hand the Chinese were like a boulder resisting the great force of a flowing river. Archeological Evidence suggests that China was inhabited nearly 2. 4 million years ago (Larick, 2000). Needless to say that Chinese History is extraordinarily vast and unendingly resistant to syncretism. Europeans did manage to set up trade with the Chinese and create Silk Road. European Missionaries traveled to China on many occasions. Most Significantly the Jesuit Missionaries had a great impact on China. Missionaries like Matteo Ricci moved to China and completely assimilated with their culture in order to introduce Jesuit beliefs to Buddhists and Taoists (Dunne, 1962). Although he was welcomed by the Chinese, he still found great resistance when trying to find converts. India was very similar in its reaction to syncretism because like China, India possesses a vast history. Archeological evidence suggests that Hominids walk the immense and beautiful lands of India over 500,000 years ago (Bongard-Levin, 1979). Once sea routes were found that allowed direct commerce between India and Europe, trading posts were formed. Like the Chinese the Indians welcomed Europeans and gained economically from this agreement. Although the Europeans were welcomed economically, religiously the Indians would not be moved. Missionaries like Jordanus Catalani traveled to India to save the souls of as many non-believers as possible. As the first Bishop in India he acted as a liaison for the Pope and found many converts in India (Ricci Institute, 2012). Although many were converted to Christianity most of India remained Hindu with no desire to convert. India never changed its culture as a whole. Although influenced by Europeans, India kept its ancient culture and way of life. Both China and India welcomed European visitors but resisted change because of their long standing histories and cultures. All four cultures had their own way of life before settlers attempted to add their way of life into the recipe. Length of time as a group did play into the amount resistance each group demonstrated. Another factor that came into play was the amount of difficulty syncretism would cause each culture. Native American found little difficulty trading with English Settler until the demands of settlers became more and more unreasonable. Eventually most of the Native Americans were enslaved, killed, or expelled from what had been their home for thousands of years. Africans were similarly taken advantage of when European Colonists enslaved and sometimes discarded many. Africa gained much from European Colonization but also found more and more difficulty with syncretism. India and China took full advantage of economic gains of syncretism but never fully gave up their way of life. Today Africa, America, India, and China all have varying levels of cultural change as a result of syncretism. All have a presence of Christianity as a religion till this day. 2. percent of India are Christian while 4 percent of China and 40 percent of Africa share this faith (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). In Africa, unfortunately one of the most lasting effects of syncretism is racism and the system of apartheid. India gained its independence from Britain in 1947 and still is an independent nation. India still has keeps many influences f rom British Government and relations between the UK and India are friendly. Had syncretism not occurred in the Americas, I believe that Native Americans would still live the way that had been living thousands of years before European Colonists forced syncretism on them. The South America the great cities of the Amazon would still be there today. Although technology would not be as advanced as it is now, life would be much more sustainable. These native cultures survived for many thousands of years because of their ability to live with nature not attempting to control nature. If cultural syncretism had taken root during early encounters in China and India unfortunately both of these countries might have suffered the same fate as Africa and the Americas. There would almost certainly be Indian and Chinese slaves and these countries would have been forced to assimilate as much as the European Colonists felt was convenient. Many more people in China and India would be speaking English today and would be praying to Jesus Christ. Like a priceless masterpiece being thrown into mud, these cultures would have been tarnished or even destroyed. ? References: The Trail of Tears . (2012, November 25). Retrieved from Resource Bank: http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567. html Bongard-Levin, G. (1979). A History of India. Progress Publishers: Moscow. Central Intelligence Agency. (2012, November 20). Field Listing :: Religions. Retrieved from The World Factbook: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122. html Dunne, G. (1962). Generation of Giants. Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press. . Larick, R. C. (2000, February). Early Homo erectus Tools in China . Retrieved from Archeology: http://www. archaeology. org/0001/newsbriefs/china. html Ricci Institute. (2012, November 25). Jordanus, Catalani, Bishop of Columbum, fl. 1302-1330. Retrieved from Ricci Roundtable: http://ricci. rt. usfca. edu/biography/view. aspx? biographyID=1415 Sayre, H. (2010). Discovering the Humanities. New Jersey: Pearson. How to cite Topics in Cultural Studies Unit 3 Group Project, Essay examples

Socrates Essays (1788 words) - Socratic Dialogues,

Socrates Socrates: A Great Philosopher Kimberly Whitaker Honors Survey of World History: HONR 1151 Dr. Veula J. Rhodes, Instructor Albany State University November 22, 1999 Foreword Thesis: Exploring Socrates and his philosophies give the seeker a new understanding of the life and society in which Socrates lived. With this new understanding, one can compare or contrast other views of the period. In doing this, the researcher is provided with a map of ideas and philosophies throughout history. This map can be used to enhance our present understanding of past cultures. I. Introduction II. The early life of Socrates III. Problem of Socrates IV. Philosophical ideas and techniques A. Universal definitions B. Inductive arguments C. Socratic method V. The trial and death of Socrates VI. Conclusion Socrates insight added to the wealth of Ancient Greece. He studied human nature like no other philosopher. For these reasons, he and his philosophies should be remembered. Socrates is considered amongst the greatest philosophers in history. His life was short, yet meaningful, and productive. His teachings have survived through the dialogues, memoirs, and plays of other Greek writers (e.g. Plato, Aristotle, Xenophon, and Aristophanes). These writings are studied to paint a clearer picture of Socrates. His most famous method of observation, the Socratic dialogue or dialect, was unique. He explored human nature through tedious examination and studied people in a way never done before. Socrates was born around 470 B.C.E. in the Greek city-state of Athens. His parents were Sophroniscus and Phaenarete. His wife was named Xanthippe; together they had three sons. According to one source, Xanthippe was considered ?ill-tempered? and difficult to live with. Even though he didn't come from a poor family, it is known that he was very poor. This was due to that fact that Socrates did not accept money from his observers like other philosophers of his day (esp., the Sophists). His dress was simple and his eating and drinking reflected his moderate attitude. Since Socrates kept no written records of his teachings, information from other Greek scholars are used to regenerate his philosophies and teachings. This problem is commonly referred to as the ?Socratic problem.? There are four scholars who captured Socrates' life and teachings in their works: 1) the writings (Memorabilia and Symposium) of the Greek historian and pupil of Socrates, Xenophon, 2) dialogues by the philosopher, Plato (also pupil a of Socrates), 3) Clouds, a comedy by Aristophanes, and 4) the writings of Plato's pupil, Aristotle. Although there is much debate over who provided the most accurate representation of Socrates, the testimonies of each scholar are widely accepted. However, it must be noted that Plato was a philosopher who often injected his own theories and thoughts into the dialogues he recorded. Also, some of the writers present opposing views of Socrates. For instance, for comical effect, Aristophanes paints Socrates as ?a bumbling, foolish man who supports fantastic theories? in Clouds. This view contrasted the Aristotelian and Platonic Socrates that displayed Socrates as an ?intellectualist or rationalist.? Since there are four different Socrates, which Socrates is believable? One author answers that question saying, ?There is no way to achieve an indisputable answer. But where we find common features in the various portraits, there is a substantial probability that we may have reached the historical Socrates.? Socrates taught to any who listened. He taught by questioning his listeners. Then, he used the implications of their answers to contradict their logic in an effort to alter their views. This is the Socratic method and will be discussed in detail later. One of Socrates' most famous ideas was the universal definition. He believed that even though animals and things are constructed differently, the characteristics that make the similar and how they vary remain constant. For example, there are several species of dogs. Nevertheless, there are constants that distinguish a dog from a cat or animal. This idea of universal definitions could be applied to the concepts of justice, piety, virtue, wisdom, etc. Socrates also believed that if each concept is captured in one universal definition then ?the definition affords a sure rock ethical on which men could stand amidst the sea of the Sophists relativistic doctrines.? For instance, the definition of justice varied from place to place. By applyi ng the idea of universal definition, the actions of the individual and