Portable Pc The Laptop Market - 1906 Words

HaLim Kim Mr. Wolfenden Economics 17 November 2016 Portable PC - The Laptop Market Laptops, also known as notebook computers, are personal computers which are deisnged to be portable, while keeping similar functions as desktops. The first laptop, Osborne 1, was an 11 kg laptop with 5 inch screen, released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation (History). Since 1981, the laptop industry have experienced a rapid growth, now becoming one of the ‘key industries’ of the modern society (Chen). This paper investigates the current laptop market by analyzing different companies, including Apple, Dell, HP, Lenovo, and Asus, which are the top 5 vendors of the market, along with one extra company, Microsoft, to find out the current status of the laptop industry, and its future. To make the comparing process more simple, this paper will focus on one laptop from each companies, with similar specifications. Apple, referred as one of the most innovative companies in the 21st century, was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ro nald Wayne in 1976 (Rawlinson). They have entered the laptop market in 1989 with the product named ‘Macintosh Portable’. As of November 2016, the Apple Inc. (AAPL) has the greatest market capitalization value among all its competitors, which is 593.11 Billion USD. Its P/E rate is 13.39, and the EPS is $8.31. Apple’s laptops are named ‘Macbook’, with three different models: Macbook Air, Macbook, and Macbook Pro. Macbook Air is a relatively lower end productShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Analysis of the Notebook Industry1591 Words   |  6 Pages Industrial analysis of the notebook industry The Laptop or â€Å"notebook† industry is a subset of the personal computer industry. Laptops are commonly used in everyday life, for a variety of purposes that range from work, education, entertainment, multimedia and much more. These days, laptops are increasingly used as a desktop replacement computer, for the performance difference between mainstream laptops and desktops are fading away for, laptops of today’s generation offer similar performance, whenRead MoreCategory Attractiveness Analysis1616 Words   |  7 PagesA CATEGORY ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF THE LAPTOP INDUSTRY IN INDIA. SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: DR.SATYA PRASAD VK VAIBHAV AGARWAL (SEAT NO: 26) URVASHI DUGGAL (SEAT NO: 25) SAURABH (SEAT NO: 51) Read MoreDell Inc. : The Biggest Online Retailer Of Pcs And Related Gear1077 Words   |  5 Pagespermitting it to be the biggest online retailer of PCs and related gear. By offering its clients whole customization with the item on offer, Dell guarantees that clients are included in the picking of details, in this way making another stride in PC buy known as personalisation. The component has now been received by numerous other PC makers, yet at the same time remains Dell s essential way to deal with retailing. Dell turned into the main PC Vendor of the world in 2001. A standout amongst theRead MoreGlobal Computer Hardware Manufacturing Industry1603 Words   |  7 Pages TREATS Increase in competition– Currently Dell Wyse cloud connect does not have many direct competitors. Although it competes with traditional desktops and portable computers, there are not many companies that produce ultra-small, portable high definition and secure desktop on cloud access devices. A major treat for the company is that more players might enter the industry with similar products which could lead to further price competition forcing companies to lower their costs which wouldRead MoreEvaluation Of The Future Of Pc Considering Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesFrom: Mayank Timbadiya Subject: Discussion and analysis of the future of PC considering which significant changes are ahead and what businesses need to do to prepare for them. Here is a report requested on 6th March 2015 in regards of possible changes in future computers with upcoming technology and a brief comparison of computers and tablets. The extent of this report is to demonstrate the forthcoming developments concerning PC and related innovation and, hence, to offer recommendations to supervisorsRead MoreThe Laptop Market Is A Thoroughly Saturated One1222 Words   |  5 Pages The laptop market is a thoroughly saturated one. The range of uses of a laptop today is quite diverse. The low-end being the Chromebook and netbooks, an ultra-light and ultra-portable PC. These devices are used for surfing the web and some light word processing. Then we have the high-end, being the enthusiast laptops; Asus ROG and MSI have cornered the market in this group. They are not so portable and are generally heavier machines, but are the best of the best for on the go hardcore performanceRead MoreEssay about Apples Role In Is Development1073 Words   |  5 Pageswill continue to play in the ever evolving information systems world. MAIN PRODUCTS Apples current product line include the iMac, MacBook, MacBook Pro, Mac Pro and Mac Mini- all of which are desktop and laptop computers. These computers feature the Mac OS X operating system. While laptops and desktop computers make up a significant portion of Apples product line, the introduction of the iPod has resulted in a recent focus on music-related products. Forty-two percent of Apples revenue forRead MoreMobile Computing Is And Ever Developing Way Of Life1305 Words   |  6 Pagesare laptops -- or basically portable versions of desktop PCs, and usually based around the same type of hardware, and capable of running the same software applications. Since late 2011, some very thin, light laptops that meet certain Intel specifications have started to be branded as ultrabooks. A third, if sadly declining, category of mobile computer is the netbook. These are considerably smaller than most laptops, though usually capable of running the same or similar software as a laptop or desktopRead MoreA Report On Lenovo s The High Tech Company 1068 Words   |  5 Pagespioneer in the Pc market, they create, fabricate, great Pc items and quality included proficient administrations that give clients around the globe. In this report we examine about the organization s Research and Development. INTRODUCTION Lenovo joins two spearheading innovation organizations Lenovo and IBM. Lenovo Inc. is a main worldwide producer of Personal PCs and Mobile telephones. Lenovo is a spinoff of the Legend Group, Which was set up in 1984 by a gathering of eleven PC researchers droveRead MoreWhy Are Apple Products so Popular?1062 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, it is difficult to find the reason why Apple’s products are so superior compared with other electronic products in the market. Since Apple’s products come out in our life, it has facilitated our life and brought us huge benefits. For instance, people do not need to bring their heavy laptops to go to work every day, because they already have the portable tablet PC - iPad. The ascent of Apple’s products are presented in front of everyone, it is due to Apple’s product having a creative design

Confronting Social Identities in Society Essay - 1580 Words

There are a lot of social problems that exists in the world today, which includes but do not limited to self identity and racism. However, they somehow go unnoticed because at times people conform to what society thinks is the way to live. In my opinion, people believe they should act or feel a certain way because of what is broadcast on television, featured in magazines, and even brought into the limelight by celebrities. While Toni Morrison’s â€Å"The Bluest Eye† (1970) and Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† (1973) both target ongoing social problems, Morrison structures her story to reveal just how pervasive and destructive social racism is, whereas Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses on the character’s conflicting ideas about their identities†¦show more content†¦In society black is seen as being ugly and dirty whereas white is considered to be clean and pure. There was a study conducted back in 1939 by Dr Kenneth Clark where they asked black children between the ages 6 and 9 to choose between white dolls and black dolls. Dr Clark asked several questions about the black doll such as â€Å"which doll is the good doll and which doll is the bad doll?† a lot of the children said that the bad doll was the black doll and the good doll was the white doll (Clark). This goes to show how society depicts blacks and whites and how racism and self identity issues still exist and very much alive to this day. For example, when making a cake white cake is considered angel food whereas black cake is considered devil food. White is considered to be nice, clean, and angelic whereas anything associated with black is considered to be dirty, evil, and bad. Society plays a big part in the way people think about one another. â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses on identifying with self and knowing about your heritage, in this short story, she uses the character Dee to exploit the issue of getting to know who yo u are and where you came from. Dee denies her actual heritage to conform to another heritage that she knows nothing about but only from what she has read about it. She goes to extreme length by even changingShow MoreRelatedAnti Heterosexuality And Its Effects On Society1369 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily, and colleagues, in order to avoid confronting this socially stigmatized part of their life, along with their own potential denial and self-hatred. Because of the stigmas attached to the LGBTQ community, one often feels that they have to hide this part of their life in order to maintain social and work relations, with pressure to conform to the heterosexually dominated culture. This causes internalized confusion because non-heterosexuals are told from society they are abnormal, and thus this canRead MoreMathematics : The Necessity Of Math1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn almost any classroom in America, one will find a myriad of different races, ethnicities, nationalities, cultures, langu ages, social classes, disabilities, genders and gender identities, religions, sexual orientations, learning styles, and abilities. With a growing diverse society, it is imperative that every student is given an equitable chance to obtain the mathematical knowledge needed for success. However, research has found that many minorities, females, and children living in poverty sometimesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Rich s Diving Into The Wreck 1258 Words   |  6 Pagesto the figureheads after traveling into the ship’s hold, eventually emerging from their adventure as a different person who now identifies with the forgotten, damaged, and lost articles of the ship (which may also relate to the â€Å"castaways† of our society as well). Taking this approach, one can paraphrase the poem by stating that the narrator of the story, feeling uneasy at first, decides to take a â€Å"fabled† journey and once they arrive at the â€Å"mythical† place, they change perso nally by perhaps undergoingRead MoreI Consider Myself A Feminist Essay764 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of all women in society. I am a feminist because I continue to educate myself to become more self-aware of the danger of sexism and inequality that threatens women’s rights. 2. Sexism is wrong because it discriminates against people because of their gender. Women are the main group who suffers against sexism. It is safe to say that all women have confronted sexism. According to the article â€Å"Individual and Situational Factors Related to Young Women’s Likelihood of Confronting Sexism in Their EverydayRead MoreThe Tempest Critical Analysis1029 Words   |  5 PagesLet’s revise the experience and process of discovery with a focus on the transformative nature of the journey. NESA, would like you to be able to recognise that: New discoveries albeit inspiring; often cultivate in confronting and provocative outcomes transforming an individual’s identity and perception either reaffirming or challenging presumptions. However, the ambitious strive for necessitating power and self-fulfillment is only ascertained in one’s ability to defy and transcend contextual limitationsRead MoreDestroying Avalon Review - Cyber Bullying Focus822 Words   |  4 PagesI am writing in regards to your request for submissions of the inclusion of certain novels on the Australian Literature Society website. The novel ‘Destroying Avalon’ by Kate McCaffrey explores significant issues confronting contemporary Australia making it justifiable for its inclusion on the website. As a relatively modern novel, being published in 2006, the issues explored are contemporary and readers can relate in a realistic manner. The issues of cyber bulling, a new aged phenomeno n and acceptanceRead MoreMexican American, Chinese American And Vietnamese American1519 Words   |  7 PagesMohamud Warsame Immigration 310 Assignment 4 Mexican American, Chinese American and Vietnamese American make up the 1.5 and second generation today in US. The majority of these immigrants come from the humblest sectors of their society on average they have only a few years of schooling or no schooling, limited urban job skills and little or no knowledge of English. Immigrants to the United States are usually called first-generation Americans, regardless of their citizenship status, and their childrenRead MoreSocial Anxiety : America s National Identity991 Words   |  4 Pagesnational identity. As seen in the nineteenth century, America, an emerging nation that arose collectively for a revolution would be fragmented by altered philosophies within its incipient national identity. Several significant facets revolved around the acumens of social anxiety as America’s national identity emerged as a historical response by prominent congregates discontented with conventional societal thought. This was owing to an irregularity amid the attitudes towards delineated social group andRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire Analysis825 Words   |  4 PagesWilliams’ 1947 drama, A Streetcar Named Desire, is a work of social realism which demonstrates the destructive impact of machismo on society in the late 1940s. In his raw representation of the human condition, Williams critiques the unrelenting gender roles which adversely affected so many members of his society. Although the drama is aimed at Williams’ society, as an audience member in the 21st century, Streetcar continues to be a confronting example of the past. Furthermore, the ongoing contemporaryRead MoreW. E. B. Dubois, Anna Cooper, And Karl Marx : The Social Conflict Of Society1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthe writings of Karl Marx, W.E.B. Dubois, Charlotte Gilman, Anna Cooper, and Ida Wells-Barnett, the social problems revealed within the text address the social conflicts of society and how differing populations are faced with discrimination a nd oppression by those who are dominant in power. Jerome Karabel’s profound article specifically focuses on killings committed by the police as a growing social problem resulting from the most recent movement of racial injustice within the United States. All

Agility Resilience in organisation Free Essays

The purpose of this business report is to examine AH Moor’s approach to organizational agility and resilience; cooking specifically at the promotion of leadership and enterprise workforce. It explores the benefits to the organization of the implementation of a systematic plan for selecting, motivating and developing employees with the requisite skills and demonstrated behaviors to operate effectively in highly uncertain, highly unstructured environments and demonstrating how enabling this improves organizational outlook. As organizational resilience and agility is seen as a systematic property, both individual and organizational levels are explored. We will write a custom essay sample on Agility Resilience in organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In today’s global economic climate businesses need to sustain a competitive advantage to remain above the competition. It Is the geopolitical uncertainty, with unprecedented changes and Instability and business discontinuities that demand organizational agility and organizational resilience. Unforeseen circumstances Like the terrorist acts of September 1 lath had adverse effects on businesses that dealt with commodities such as gold, and the company was no exception. The sudden hike in gold price resulted in the company losing millions, and the lack of agility and resilience the organization possessed meant it paid greatly with the years that followed. Presently, in the many is undergoing major transformational changes to its corporate strategy and development, and a change that the new HER team is pushing towards is changing the way recruitment is being carried out. Arguably, human talent is capital; talented persons carry within them, in their knowledge and expertise, important parts that are means of production. Intellectual capital and talented labor force is now central to many business enterprises (Riveter Kline, 2000). It Is argued adequate Job fit needs to play Into consideration to allocate correct personnel to handle a demanding Job ole within the gold/jewelry sector given the businesses geographical location and fierce competition which is ever-growing due to rising gold stocks. In addition with the recent rapid development of the united Arab Emirates has seen greater rise in competition. At the individual level, resilience can be explained through occupational stress or burnout that account for the continuation of or even increases in worker performance and psychological well-being in the face of difficult work conditions (Carver, 1998; Mismatch Letter, 1997). At the organizational level, characteristics of organizations (e. G. Man resource practices, organizational culture and values) have been related to agile reactions and continued survival under volatile, demanding work conditions (Horned Orr, 1998; Mammal, 1998). An organization’s capacity for resilience Is rooted In a set of Individual level knowledge, skills, and ablest and organizational routines and processes by which an organization conceptually positions itself, acts decisively to move forward, and overcome the potentially debilitating consequences of a disruptive shock (Lenience- Hall Beck, 2009). A organizations capacity for developing organizational resilience s achieved through strategically managing human resources to create individual competencies among core employees, that when combined at the organizational level, make it possible for organizations to effectively absorb uncertainty, develop situation-specific responses to threats, and ultimately engage in transformation activities so that they can capitalize on disruptive surprises that potentially threaten the survival of the organization. The lack of focus given to personnel selection has also highlighted an inability for staff to cope with the stressful pressures that come with working within gold and a highly charged industry. The company is situated in the popular Gold Soak region, where hundreds of retail shops and close to a hundred wholesale distributes are situated simply in that area alone. As a result competition is highly charged and the company has seen rates of turnover and absenteeism risen and levels of mental and physical well-being have deteriorated. It is the increased competition associated with the acceleration of market changes that have put pressure on organizations to react quickly whilst re-inventing themselves in response to external pressures. Study of individual differences reveals certain personality emissions such as locus of control, hardiness, and self-esteem relate to people’s reaction to stresses. Rooter (1996) proposed that having an internal locus of control (believing you can control what happens in life) moderates the relationship between stresses and strain such that a strong internal locus is associated with less strain. This idea is in line with Karakas idea of perception of control. Giordano (2000) found Iranian business managers with higher levels of hardiness, the better their health and performance despite stressful situations. If there is a miss-match between individuals and the organizational culture; source of stress if a person believes organizational functions as unclear and unpredictable could lead to role ambiguity; Coco (1948) found non participation in decision process and uncertainty led was a predictor of strain, Job related stress. Literature findings are clear in regard to the implementation of stress on employee wellbeing through a behavioral, psychological and physiological perspective. Where the effects of strain can lead to the deterioration of memory, reaction time, accuracy and task performance. Modality (1986) found stress associated with less sensitivity, warmth and tolerance awards patients amongst nurses, Gaston school found association between unsupported work environments and quality of work performance in NASH staff. There is also evidence that on simple tasks moderate levels of arousal or stress seem to aid performance (Dawson et al. , 2009). Schaeffer (2004) found burnout was predicted mainly by Job demands and to lesser extent, Job resources; that is related to turnover intention and health problems; and that it mediates the relationship between Job demands and health problems. Three broad methods can be utilizes here to help reduce and manage stress that are grouped in three categories- remarry, secondary and tertiary interventions. The primary level of this hierarchy includes modifying and eliminating stresses. In relation to company this would include giving people more control over their Jobs and work environments; redesigning tasks they are required to do; giving flexible work schedules. Skimpier et employees to adopt to different ways of working. Bond Bunch (2000) designed cluster of interventions that led employees having more input into decision-making and control over workloads, and put systems in place for getting advice form mangers quicker on vague tasks. Employees from intervention group reported less ill health, and higher Job performance. Perceived control in interventions group underpinned these positive outcomes. Also found individual differences appears to interact with the changes in control where Higher psychological flexibility benefited more, showing individual differences can lead to different outcomes for different employees. At a Secondary level focus on individuals response to stress, and focus more on employees than changing aspects of the organization. Increasing levels of social support for staff experiencing high level of stresses in organizations found ewer medical errors and malpractice claims in hospitals, and an increased agility and resilience in stressful environments (Murphy, 1996). This findings were also supported by Frees (1999) who looked at blue collar workers and also found social support exhibited less anxiety, and strain. Tertiary symptom directed, focus on helping individuals cope with consequences of stresses, again focus is on individuals rather than focus on organizations. One approach to provide medical care in house or outsourced for employees, another approach is PAP. Cooper and Saudi (1994) found improvements in mental health and esteem of those participating n Peeps within organizations, suggesting they can be helpful with stress, however approach this is a reactive approach not proactive because it doesn’t prevent it, deal with problems after they arise rather than focus on creating positive work environments which minimize stresses. There has been rapid increase in compensation claims for work-related stress in recent years (Dyer, 2002). Furthermore it’s been reported that growing proportion of employee absences may be accounted for by anxiety, and depression (McLeod 2003) and such circumstances have been found to have an effect on productivity, absenteeism, and occupational injuries. There is growing literature which argues that workplace counseling helps alleviate these issues, as well as improve employee problems. Here, it is argued the implementation of external sources through contractual agreements would be deemed beneficial as there is a lack of organizational resources and trained staff within HER to provide services, and furthermore consolidating in external counseling may be viewed as safer alternative where employees may fear of the level of confidentiality within their sessions. It should be noted not only is counseling being suggested to combat issues of individual and organizational stresses but also deal tit the impending issues of lack of diversity within the organization at present and the ongoing issues in relation to this. There are numerous studies that point out the benefits of counseling. In particular a substantial systematic review by McLeod (2001) found counseling to reduce work related stress in more than 50% of people, levels of sickness and absence reduced by 25-40%. There were clinically significant improvement in levels of anxiety, depression and stress reported in 60-75 of clients. AH Nor fails to implement development of employees through training to enable raciest, or learned routines that will provide a first response to any unexpected threats. Important organizational procedures and conduct are tied closely to of company beliefs and those beliefs then become core values which are the basis of day-to-day behaviors that translate intended strategies into actions (Hammond, 2002). Behavioral preparedness helps bridge a gap between divergent forces of learned resourcefulness and counterintuitive agility and merging forces of useful habits. A combination of useful habits and behavioral preparedness create a foundation of rehearsed and habitual expert routines that ensure an organizations initial and intuitive response to any situation will create options that than constraints (Ferrier, Smith, Grimm, 1999). The principle behind the selection process is that individual differences between people in attitudes and skill and other personal qualities, and people are not equally suited for all Jobs therefore it is important to match the right person to the right Job. The main elements involved in designing and implementing personnel selection procedure can be outlined in the personal selection paradigm (Patterson and Ferguson, 2007). AH Nor possess no competency framework or reliable recruitment methods. It is suggested that the initial first steps required is a Job analysis to take place within the company recognizing the tasks that are assumed and the competencies required, including tasks that will remain stable over time. The goal of Job and competency analysis is to provide an evidence based specification to attributes that act as criteria for decision making during the selection and guide the choice of assessment techniques. Assessments are selected based on correspondence between the attributes they assess and those identified in the Job and competency analysis. It can be difficult to describe certain the behaviors associated with writing a complex financial report there for competency analysis has become very popular. It has been agreed that competency analysis goes beyond rigid boundaries of the Job title by taking into account the organization objectives vision s and strategy of staffing requirements (Livens and Sanchez 2007). Although the effects of faking are not understood but this can be reduced with providing feedback as research has suggested if individual knows the test will discussed later makes them think twice, also assessor is able to determine if individual was honest based on feedback session if they are unable to meet the data. Schmidt et al 1979, showed gains of over $1 m dollars per annum could be expected if ability tests were used to select park rangers, similar gains were also reported for computer programmer selection (Hugs Manager 1959). Psychometric testing has grown popular in recent years, and it can be used in two ways in selection. It can provide a more detailed assessment of Job candidates and better manage applicants. They consist of tests of maximum performance which are tests of ability aptitude, linked to general intelligence, or specific facets like verbal, numerical and abstract etc. Tests of performance which are personality assessments. They are designed to assess aspect of individuals ability, choice of test is dependent on information gleamed from the job and competency analysis. These types of tests are used alongside early stage assessments it helps selector determine minimum acceptable level of ability for Job role, those below cut score are rejected. In Hunter and Schmidt (1998) meta-analysis general ability tests are right up with work sample and structured interviews with validity of 0. 1 . In combination with an integrity test (which would extend to personality assessment drawing on integrity-relevant traits), the validity rises to 0. 3. The particular HER system configuration that will leads to a capacity for organizational resilience. Moreover, it is important to recognize that while human capital, Just like many other assets, can be applied toward multiple ends; opportunity does not mean that the leverage potential will be realized. For example, creative problem solving routines, a clear sense of purpose, high levels of intellectual and social capital, and a propensity for iterative, double-loop learning which are elements contributing to a capacity for resilience can also contribute to developing organizational change trainees and promoting dynamic capabilities (Oriole and Savings, 2003). The perspective and mental agility that stem from needed cognitive abilities provide a foundation for an organization to be able to learn from the consequences of the actions it undertakes within its complex actions and thereby be more effective in dynamic competitive environments. Useful habits such as continuous dialogue and the trust that results from deep social capital provide the raw material for constructing meaning and making difficult choices in ambiguous situations. However, it takes deliberate intent to ensure that particular outcomes are realized. It is argued that it is the comprehensive bundle of desired employee contributions, HER principles and HER policies that enables a firm to develop a capacity for resilience (Lenience-Hall and Beck, 2011). Therefore it is argued that HER policies, practices, and activities are vital for an organizations capacity for resilience, and that organization’s capacity for resilience is a multilevel collective attribute emerging from the capabilities, actions, and interactions of individuals and units within the company. Employee contributions, HER practices, and HER policies are the primary integrating mechanisms or achieving a collective resilience capability. Organizational resilience is an increasingly necessary collective competence for the company that operate in highly charged environments and those characterized by Jolts and surprises. Investments in human capital to develop employees who are adept learners, strong communicators, and skilled at creating strong interpersonal ties creates a foundation for both a capacity for resilience and effective knowledge management. Similarly, developing organizational skills such as â€Å"radicalized ingenuity’ (Cutout, 2002)), using action to happen cognition (Wick, 1995), and counterintuitive thinking (Meyer, 1982) contribute to both a capacity for resilience and innovation. References Bond, F. W. Bunch, D. (2000). Mediators of change in emotion-focused and problem- focused worksheet stress management interventions. How to cite Agility Resilience in organisation, Papers

Implementation of Lean Management-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Lean Management Techniques for Improving Healthcare Systems in the UAE. Answer: Article 1: Chang, Y.T., Yu, H. and Lu, H.P., 2015. Persuasive messages, popularity cohesion, and message diffusion in social media marketing.Journal of Business Research,68(4), pp.777-782. The study relied on the development of hypotheses in order to throw light upon a theoretical framework that might help to structure theoretical modeling for answering the research question. More specifically, it resorted to the grounded theory approach where a theory is formulated based on the data accumulated in course of the study. It occurs in response to the positivism paradigm of research that conforms to specific order of theoretical framework and association between variables, formulation of hypothesis, collection of data and testing of hypothesis based on conduct of suitable statistical tests. Thus, the approach might have certain merits and demerits. The primary advantages of such approach are that it is most appropriate in cases concerning where little research has occurred previously, therefore leaving enough scope for further investigation. The lacunae of past research conducted may be adequately fulfilled through such theoretical foundation. Moreover, it avoids making as sumptions, rather introspect issues from a neutral point of view. However, the main disadvantages of grounded theory is that pertaining to the subjectivity of the data, it becomes difficult o establish the reliability and validity of approaches and information. Detection or abatement of researcher induced bias is also problematic and cumbersome thereby obscuring the data interpretation procedure (Hussein et al. 2014). Feasibility of such method thus may often be compromised if confounding factors are not properly attended to. Article 2: Yeung, M.C., Ramasamy, B., Chen, J. and Paliwoda, S., 2013. Customer satisfaction and consumer expenditure in selected European countries.International Journal of Research in Marketing,30(4), pp.406-416. In this particular study, panel data analysis is the chosen method of performing the research. Panel data analysis refers to the statistical procedure that find its wide range of application in the field related to social science, econometrics and epidemiology for the sake of analysis of the two dimensional panel data comprising of both longitudinal and cross sectional ones. The data is generally collected across a defined time frame and in relation to same individuals and then a regression is done based on the two dimensions for retrieving meaningful data. Such methodology rely on the amalgamation of both inter-individual differences alongside he intra-individual dynamics. The chief advantages include presentation of more accurate interpretation of model parameters, accentuated capacity for detecting the complexity of human behavior in contrast to the time series or single cross section data. It further aid in simplification of computation as well as making the statistical inference . The potential benefits of panel data has been well recognized. However, it is not panacea and therefore holds certain limitations as well. The efficacy of the panel data is directly dependent upon the extent and reliability of the information utilized in conjunction with the validity of restrictions that form the basis of the statistical methods. It might provide solution to problem on one hand while might aggravate the issue at other instances depending on the circumstances as it may arise (Hsiao 2014). Thus, despite having certain advantages, panel data analysis also present certain limitations that might undermine its applicability in research purpose. Hence, it will be more feasible for application in research work to procure accurate results and subsequent interpretation. After an evaluation of the methodologies adopted in two separate case scenarios pertaining to the given articles, it may be said that neither of the two methodologies could be the choicest method for conducting the dissertation related to the implementation of the lean management techniques for the improvement of the healthcare systems in United Arab Emirates (UAE). The methodology that would be appropriate for the dissertation would be case-study method. Research questions are to be used for narrowing the scope of the proposed study and focus would be on the exploration of phenomena from different perspectives. According to Panneerselvam (2014) case studies put the focus on detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. In the present case, the contextual analysis of the impact of implementation of the lean management techniques for the improvement of the healthcare systems would be analyzed. References Chang, Y.T., Yu, H. and Lu, H.P., 2015. Persuasive messages, popularity cohesion, and message diffusion in social media marketing.Journal of Business Research,68(4), pp.777-782. Hsiao, C., 2014.Analysis of panel data(No. 54). Cambridge university press. Hussein, M.E., Hirst, S., Salyers, V. and Osuji, J., 2014. Using grounded theory as a method of inquiry: Advantages and disadvantages.The Qualitative Report,19(27), pp.1-15. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Yeung, M.C., Ramasamy, B., Chen, J. and Paliwoda, S., 2013. Customer satisfaction and consumer expenditure in selected European countries.International Journal of Research in Marketing,30(4), pp.406-416.

Problems Experienced by Children of Homosexual Parents

Free Essays on High Efficiency Cooling Fan For An Automobile

High Efficiency Cooling Fan for an Automobile A cooling fan for a standard automobile provides cooling to the radiator when the forward motion of the automobile isn’t sufficient to do the job. The fan will be connected to the drive shaft of the engine by a belt. There is a bearing in the fan to allow the fan to spin freely during sudden speed changes from the engine. The combustion engine runs more efficiently at higher temperatures, but if the engine gets too hot you run the risk of damaging the engine. The fan helps control the temperature so that the engine stays at a good operating temperature of 190-200 degrees F. The purpose of this report is described below in the design objectives. Design Objectives: 1. Determine the basic design of the cooling fan and all of the factors it will experience during usage. This includes the forces on the fan, usage, the environment, and the maximum and minimum operating conditions. 2. Study and select at least 5 materials for fan manufacture. At the end of the study, select the best material from the five. 3. Consider all factors of each material, including cost, strength, durability, ease of manufacture, and aesthetics. Basic Design of the Cooling Fan The purpose of identifying the basic design of the cooling fan is so that I can determine what materials would have the best characteristics for that design. Depending upon what type of engine and vehicle you are trying to cool, the design may vary from blade size and the number of blades required to cool the radiator. To sufficiently cool the radiator properly the fan must be able to provide a flow of air to the entire radiator. The size of most radiators varies, depending upon the size of the engine and how much coolant has to be passed through the engine. Typically, the bigger the engine, the bigger the radiator. For this report I will assume that we are trying to cool a radiator for a V8 engine. A common radiator... Free Essays on High Efficiency Cooling Fan For An Automobile Free Essays on High Efficiency Cooling Fan For An Automobile High Efficiency Cooling Fan for an Automobile A cooling fan for a standard automobile provides cooling to the radiator when the forward motion of the automobile isn’t sufficient to do the job. The fan will be connected to the drive shaft of the engine by a belt. There is a bearing in the fan to allow the fan to spin freely during sudden speed changes from the engine. The combustion engine runs more efficiently at higher temperatures, but if the engine gets too hot you run the risk of damaging the engine. The fan helps control the temperature so that the engine stays at a good operating temperature of 190-200 degrees F. The purpose of this report is described below in the design objectives. Design Objectives: 1. Determine the basic design of the cooling fan and all of the factors it will experience during usage. This includes the forces on the fan, usage, the environment, and the maximum and minimum operating conditions. 2. Study and select at least 5 materials for fan manufacture. At the end of the study, select the best material from the five. 3. Consider all factors of each material, including cost, strength, durability, ease of manufacture, and aesthetics. Basic Design of the Cooling Fan The purpose of identifying the basic design of the cooling fan is so that I can determine what materials would have the best characteristics for that design. Depending upon what type of engine and vehicle you are trying to cool, the design may vary from blade size and the number of blades required to cool the radiator. To sufficiently cool the radiator properly the fan must be able to provide a flow of air to the entire radiator. The size of most radiators varies, depending upon the size of the engine and how much coolant has to be passed through the engine. Typically, the bigger the engine, the bigger the radiator. For this report I will assume that we are trying to cool a radiator for a V8 engine. A common radiator...

Port Maritime Legislation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Port Maritime Legislation - Assignment Example Majorly the Smart Port Security Legislation has in place a strategic arrangement that boosts the international supply chain security through partnerships in fighting vices such as terrorism. The legislation also has modalities for recognizing the shipper programs of other nations that are trusted, while fostering its main objective of enhancing the security of supply chain. This enhancement of security is done through identification of security gaps within the supply chain and making them more secure in the whole supply chain beginning from the manufacturing process to the supplies stage (Klein, 2011). The Safe Port Act is an amendment of the 2002 Homeland security act for the establishment of a domestic office for nuclear detection within the homeland security department. The safe port legislation has preconditions for putting in place standards and equipment for scanning and radiating all the containers getting into the United States ports. This legislation specifies protocols to follow for responding to emergencies, which involves cooperation across the private sector, federal, local and state administrations. With this legislation, there is stipulation for inspecting containers christened â€Å"high risk† before they can arrive into the United States. Apart from those provisions, the legislation reinforces custom trade partnerships especially that work towards mitigating terrorist activities. According to Klein (2011), the Small vessel Security strategy attends to the risk that of smuggling of mass destruction weapons or terrorists into America. Other risks it attends to include the possibility of the small weapons being used as platforms for launching weapons either directly or indirectly though the water ways. Apart from addressing these threats, it gives descriptions of the small vessels and their suitable operating environments. The objectives of this

UpBeat Inc. ( Case Study ) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UpBeat Inc. ( ) - Case Study Example According to the provision 1, bank needs to take permission from Upbeat Inc to sell its receivables in case of default also which is not the right accounting practice. It is totally against the principal of US GAAP. The bank has full statutory authorities to sell different receivables of Upbeat Inc in case of company’s defaulter situation. Once the company announced its incapability to repay bank loans then the bank can sell all receivables without any prerequisite permission. According to accounting principal this is considered as breach of trust or failure of agreement between two parties. Under this situation bank’s money is there with the company and the company is not returning it unreasonably (Sherman, 2011). This situation gives full authority to the bank to sell all receivables of the company without any permission. According to ASC, the bank needs to monitor the financial conditions of borrowing Upbeat. It has to observe whether the company is trying to pay bac k its money or not. Here in this case the company is withholding bank’s money unreasonably. So, there is no need to take any prior permission to sell or pledge their receivables. But here in this provision opposite thing has taken place. In the designing of this provision all the required standards of ASC has not been followed. This provision is not supporting various accounting standards. So, all the above arguments are stating that provision 1 of transfer agreement does preclude sales accounting. Here in this case, Transfer Provision 2 will not preclude sales accounting. According to this provision of transfer agreement Upbeat can repurchase their all receivables in future at a fixed price. According to GAAP of USA, Upbeat can come to an agreement with the bank where both parties will agree upon a fixed price against which the company will get back its receivables from the bank. It is a very suitable principal for Upbeat Inc. Due to this

What were the key elements of the policy of deterrence and containment Essay

What were the key elements of the policy of deterrence and containment during the Cold War Evaluate their effectiveness and their costs - Essay Example policy of deterrence is basically a threat by one party to convince another party to halt evil actions that could become harmful for international peace. It should be noted that the era of cold war was greatly depending upon deterrence (Wison 1962). Considering Containment during cold war, it can be said United States had to implement the policy of containment to make sure that communism does not spread among other countries. The implementation of the policy of containment and deterrence was followed by United States during the cold war due to the threat of being threatened by communism (Hunter 1998). It should be noted that adherence of United States with the theory of containment during the cold war allowed intervention activities in Vietnam. Similar instance was noted at the Central America and Grenada. This shows the effectiveness of the key elements and theories as practically implemented. This is the key element that led to the implementation of these policies during cold war (Ray 2004). United States noticed that the influence of European counterparts was increasing with every passing day. United States was actually being pushed to defeat as the Vietnam havoc was basically because of communism spread. Thus, policy of containment was implemented to contain communism to their respective origin country (Gladdis 2005). The policy of containment is also refereed as the foreign policy of United States with other countries which that were noted as potential to harm United States. However, the cost involved throughout this foreign implication was relatively high. There was a risk of military attack by other activities despite undertaking deterrence (Ray 2004). The cost was high in terms of finance as the capital of European Union and United States was used to buy arms to compete with the forces in order to stay stabilized. The cost of humanity is another aspect that should be noted. However, it has been noted that implication of the policies allowed the Unites

Welfare To Work Programmes

Welfare To Work Programmes Welfare to work programmes have been used by governments since the 1980s to articulate a desire to replace passive support for unemployment and active measures to help encourage people to get into paid work. The Labour government reiterated this principle, but took a number of new approaches building up to an ambitious programme for welfare reform for people of working age. This essay will study the origins and rationale of New Labours welfare to work programme. It will also examine the impact it has had on people and unemployment since the programme has been introduced. While there is evidence that welfare to work programmes has been around before 1997 (when Labour came into power), their results were patchy and they had not been continuous. When the Conservatives were in power, their policies were criticised because it was more concerned with minimising fraud than maximising work, and it encouraged dependency and trapped people in unemployment. By 1995, Gordon Brown, the then Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, argued that government could not simply create jobs, but â€Å"its role was to promote macroeconomic stability and provide economic and employment opportunities for all† (Field White, 2007). He then proposed that the future government should launch New Deal for under 25s. Subsequently, 1996 the unemployed in Britain were redefined as â€Å"jobseekers† by the 1996 Jobseekers Act (HMSO, 1994). To qualify for the new jobseekers allowance (JSA) required that unemployed individuals to enter an agreement indicating the steps they intended to take to look for a work and the minimum wages they would accept. Jobseekers were given guidance in looking for jobs in a particular way, to take other steps to improve their employability or participate in training schemes. Under the JSA agreement, claimants have to commit to active job seeking behaviour, and they had to sign a declaration to which they understood that their benefit eligibility would be affected if they do not do enough to find work, are deemed unavailable for work or act in any way to reduce their chances of getting work. Failure to comply with the jobseekers agreement will ultimately result in benefit sanctions. It was believed that most unemployed looked for jobs but the JSA system was designe d to intensify activity and put pressure on those who were genuinely not looking for work. However, following the introduction of JSA there was increased job search activity with the newly unemployed but it was less effective with the long term unemployed. New Labours welfare to work programme is based on a typically American â€Å"workfare† approach. Workfare refers to the requirement that people who are judged able to work and available to work must seek and accept work in the regular labour market. The reforms have which have taken place have originated and been influenced by US-styled workfare. However, this move towards a US-styled welfare is not a new trend, the British policy makers have been influenced by US welfare systems in the past when the Conservatives were in power. Governments have always been cautious and resistant about being referred to as a US-styled workfare, opposed by both the right and left for different reasons: â€Å"the right disliked the expense involved setting up training schemes and the left sees any element of compulsion as anathema† (Daguerre, 2004). Nevertheless, just before Conservatives lost office, they moved more towards workfare through a proposed large-scale extension of â€Å"Proj ect Work† (A programme requiring the long-term unemployed to work part time in community projects). The start of the programme Restart, The Stricter Benefit Regime and Employment Training programmes was also a step closer to a US-styled workfare (Peck, 2001). New Labours flagship was New Deal, it placed more emphasis on training than any previous policies, and it also promoted compulsion for target groups. The new welfare system under New Labour appears to have strong echoes and similarities to the US-styled workfare and this can be clearly seen from the Labour Partys policies which indicate strong emphasis on making work pay and not the other way round, in which dependency on benefits would pay for people. Moreover, the redesign of New Deal in 2001, Labours second term, was working more towards moving as many people of working age into the labour-market. This is influenced by American ideas in a few ways. Firstly, the government was promoting a â€Å"work first approach† and getting people to work and not rely on benefits. Secondly, the formation of the â€Å"Jobcentre Plus†, which is a single point of service to all benefit claimants. This is partially based on American Administration. Alistair Darling, the Chancellor of t he Exchequer quoted that the Jobcentre Plus is there to provide everyone with the help they need to find work, quickly as possible, and it is a work first approach (Daguerre, 2004). Thirdly, the greater compulsion is based on the American approach. This involves the introduction to work-focused interviews for benefit claimants, particularly for lone parents. In 1997, the future Prime Minister Tony Blair spoke about New Labours approach to welfare reform would focus on services, not just cash benefits, and would be designed to help people meet change in an increasingly insecure world. New Labour would increase the employability through education and skills and an active employment service. Labour came in to power in 1997 and one month after winning power, the Prime Minister Tony Blair confirmed that the greatest challenge to his â€Å"welfare to work† government was to refashion the institutions to bring new workless class back in to society (Finn, 2003). Shortly following this speech, in 1997, New Deal for 18-25 years old was introduced. It became something of a political mantra for New Labour, in which there would be â€Å"no fifth option† of a life on benefit; and those refusing to comply with the rules would be docked 40 percent of their benefit (Peck, 2001). New Deal represents the first real attempt to implement activa tion policies for the unemployed in Britain. Labours first term in government highlighted the performance of the economy and an increase in employment. At a time when there was a much needed change in the welfare state, New Labour came in to power and did just that. The Prime Minister Tony Blair promised employment opportunities for all and committed the government towards full employment over the next decade. When the Conservatives were in power, their policies made people dependent on benefits and trapped them into unemployment. New Labours welfare to work programme would put a stop to this and make work pay, and not make benefits pay. Labours reasons for a reform on welfare state is to bring the workless class back in to society. Blair made a speech saying; â€Å"Now at the close of the 20th century, the decline of old industries and the shift to an economy based on knowledge and skills has given rise to a new class: a workless class. A large minority is playing no role in the formal economy, dependent on benefits and the black economy Today the greatest challenge for any democratic government is to refashion our institutions to bring this new workless class back into society and into useful work, and to bring back the will to win.† (Tony Blair, speech at the Aylesbury Estate, June 1997) The rationale of New Labours welfare to work programme is set to help those that are disadvantaged into employment and reduce the reliance of benefits; the end result would be an increase in employment and reductions on people living off benefits. Blair insisted that there would be â€Å"no no-go areas for New Labour† and at the heart of all the policy changes, welfare reform was on the top of the list. Welfare to work is defined by New Labour both as political and as an economic project; it is concerned with rejoining the poor in to paid work, and help people get into real jobs to tackle poverty. The task of the Labour government was seen one of radical and work reinforcing reform, and the task for wel fare recipients would be to cooperate and respond enthusiastically to the new opportunities (Labour Party, 1997). The New Deal programme was introduced after two decades in which child poverty had doubled; the number of people on incapacity benefit had risen by 1.5 million; and more than 80,000 young people had been on unemployment benefit for more than a year (DWP, 2008). New Labour had promised to get 250,000 under 25 years-olds off benefits and into work. The welfare to work budget was funded by the way of a  £5.2 billion through a â€Å"windfall tax† on the profits of privatised utilities (Peck, 2001). The first priority was to tackle long-term youth unemployment. The New Deal for Young People (NDYP) was introduced to begin with; then New Deals for the long-term unemployed (New Deal 25 Plus); New Deal for Lone Parents (NDLP); New Deal for partners was introduced for the partners of the unemployed; New Deal 50 Plus; and New Deal for Disabled People (NDDP) was introduced, which was largely provided by voluntary and private sector. The objectives of the New Deals were to increase long- term employability and help young and long-term unemployed people, lone parents and disabled people into real jobs. NDYP is a mandatory programme for 18-25 year-olds who have been claiming jobseekers for six months. However, it is at the six month stage, benefit becomes conditional and claimants enter another stage of New Deal. New Deal has three stages; a gateway, an options and a follow through. Each of these stages aims to enhance the chances of people landing a job. The gateway period comes after six months of unemployment and lasts up to four months. At this stage, individuals are assigned to a personal advisor, who helps claimants find work and provides guidance. If after the four month gateway period participants fail to find work, they then enter the option stage. During this period each individual is required to take up the following four options: employer placement, voluntary-sector work, education or training, or a membership of an environmental task force (Field White, 2007). These stages on the New Deal programme are in place to aid people to gain knowledge, experience, skills, and t herefore better their chances of finding real jobs. The purpose of the New Deal programme is to improve employability, because in the end employment goes to the employable and in this increasing global competition, individuals need to be able to adapt to learning new skills. New Deal has promoted work for lone parents and disabled people, for whom job search is a condition of receiving benefit. Work-focussed interviews have become mandatory and it is an approach to which all working age individuals who are living on benefits consider the possibility of entering the labour market (JRF, 2004). Until recently in the UK lone parents were not obliged to register for work until their youngest child was 16. However, this has now changed and as proposed by the Green Paper, from October 2008 lone parents with older children will no longer be entitled to Income Support solely on the grounds of being a lone parent (DWP, 2007). Instead those who are able to work can claim Jobseekers Allowance and they will be required to look for work. From October 2010, lone parents with the youngest child aged 7 or over will no longer be able to receive benefits on the grounds of being a lone parent. Labours welfare to work programme has introduced major tax and benefit reforms which, in combination with new rights at work, including the national minimum wage, are targeted at making work pay. The development of tax credits has expanded and transformed support for people with low incomes. The family credit was replaced by Child Tax Credit for parents with low income and the Working Tax Credit was introduced for those on low earnings. Together with the minimum wage, it has given people the incentive to work. Tax Credits have been linked to a wider objective of reducing child poverty, and it lifted relative child poverty by half a million (Finn, 2003). The government believes work is the best route out of poverty, and by introducing Tax Credits, the government is improving incomes for all children with parents that are not in paid work or in low-paid jobs. Tax Credits have improved unemployment and poverty traps, by ensuring individuals are entitled to more from working than from be nefits. However, this policy has been criticised for increasing dependency on employment, extending means testing up the salary scale and the potential impact on work incentive and employer wage-behaviour. The New Deals have been subject to an intense evaluation programme. The impact of New Labours welfare to work programme has been significant in reducing unemployment, and figures illustrate that â€Å"the number of people claiming Jobseekers Allowance is at its lowest for over 30 years. The number of long-term claimants unemployed has fallen from more than half a million to 125,000; while for young people it has fallen from 85,000 to fewer than 7,000† (DWP, 2008). By the end of 2001, it was suggested that half a million people had found jobs through the various New Deals and 53 percent of NDYP leavers were entering jobs (Finn, 2003). The most dramatic impact was with those who were unemployed for over a year, where the number fell from 90,700 to 5,100, a falloff almost 95 percent (JRF, 2004). Various independent researches confirm that New Deal has been successful in helping people find work. Research by the institute of Fiscal Studies found NDYP increased the probability of f inding a job by 20 percent (IFS, 2001). Also the introduction of personal advisors (NDPAs) has had a positive effect on participants, and evidence consistently has recognised the individualised help given by the NDPA as the key element of success. Even though findings done by independent researches imply that NDYP has reduced long-term youth unemployment, some people say the reduction of unemployment has merely reflected the strength of the economy, as since 1997 the economy has produced an additional 2.9 million jobs (JRF, 2004). The impact of New Deal has not been as significant as it was predicted and set out to be. Figures prove that youth unemployment is higher than when Labour was elected in 1997, and rising. Since 2001, figures on youth unemployment have been increasing, and those who are on NDYP and unemployed under six months has grown. This is because little seems to happen in the first six months of unemployment, and JSAs conditionality is increasingly ineffective as New Dealers and staff simply wait for the programme to start, which is six months into unemployment. Figures illustrate that by 2007 there was an increase of 82,000 young adults unemployed since 1998 (Field White, 2007). Similarly, the number of jobless young people, unemployed between six to twelve months is increasing and it stands well above the level at the start of the New Deal in 1998. What is more shocking is the level of unemployment for those who have been out of work for over 12 months; it has also increased dramatically since 1998, and the same applies for those who have been unemployed for more than two years. Overall, the number of young people unemployed, whether it is short-term, or long-term, it is on the increase. Claimants who have completed their New Deal, and still have not found work, are required to re-enter the New Deal, and then they are known as â€Å"retreads† (Field White, 2007). The number of retreads has continued to grow with some claimants entering New Deal not only for the second time, but a third, fourth or even fifth time. New Deal has been unsuccessful in finding work, and people are left jobless and dependent on benefits. This shows a structural weakness of the Governments New Deal programme, and data suggests that New Deal seems incapable of adapting to the needs people who find it difficult to find work, i.e. the very group which is most reliant on the New Deal for this purpose. Given that the government believes that the New Deal programme is to be the most effective way to ensure that there is no fifth option of remaining on benefits, why is there a growing number of people going on to New Deal for a second, third, fourth or fifth time? The government is contradi cting itself here. Long-term statistics suggest that men increased employment in the first six months after qualifying for NDYP. However, this disappeared over the following twelve months (Wilkinson, 2003). Women, do not do as well as men, and they tend to go the whole way up to the follow up period, implying a lower level of increase in employment. In 2007 there were 1,043,000 young people not in education, employment or training (Neets), which is a rise of 131,000 since 1997. However, despite the rise in youth unemployment, the proportion of young people on the New Deal is falling. Lone parents have suffered a complex range of barriers to work, ranging from attitudes of employers, access to childcare, to difficulties with meeting housing costs and the complexity of the welfare system. Findings were complemented and confirmed by a study of non-working lone mothers, which found that the majority of them had a general desire to work but were constrained from doing so by slim financial gains or by lack of suitable or affordable childcare (JRF, 2004). Paying for childcare was a significant barrier to work for lone parents. With the new policies which are being introduced in October 2010 for lone parents, it is most likely to increase unemployment rates with this target group and create further barriers. The increasing rate of unemployment is questioning New Labours rational of New Deal and its attempt to reduce dependency on benefits. Currently, unemployment is rising and New Deal has been criticised and been labelled as a failure. New Deal relies heavily on assisted job search and as we can see it is far from recession proof. This is why Labour has a new development which is called, Flexible New Deal. This new programme came in to force in autumn 2009, and it replaces the New Deal 18-24 and 25+ and Employment Zones programmes (DWP, 2008). Flexible New Deal has set out to provide an opportunity for Prime Contractor organisations from the private, public and third sectors to work together in partnership to deliver this new programme across all Jobcentre Plus districts. There are five core principles of the Flexible New Deal: A stronger framework of rights and responsibilities to move benefit customers from being passive recipients to active jobseekers. A personalised and responsive approach to individual customer needs which will provide tailored employment and skills support to meet the needs of both customers and local employers. A partnership approach with public, private and third sector organisations working together to maximise innovation, leading to more and better outcomes. Devolving and empowering communities for future sustainable employment which will be at the heart of neighbourhood renewal. Not just jobs, but jobs that pay and offer opportunities for progression, with an emphasis on sustaining and progressing in work to ensure all customers who need help to develop their skills have access to the relevant pre-employment and in-work training. The goal of Flexible new Deal is to eradicate child poverty by 2020, but this is not going to be an easy task. We are yet to see how successful this new programme will be in ensuring we move towards full employment and opportunity for all. In conclusion, New Labours welfare to work programme has helped to overcome unemployment at a time when the labour market was expanding and on a boom. Employers are more likely to take on the unemployed, as they desperately need staff to fill the vacancies. New Deals have helped more than 1.8 million people get into work in the last ten years. However, figures demonstrate how the rate of unemployment, particularly with the 18-25 year olds, has risen and is continuing to do so. The very rationale of New Labours welfare to work is being contradicted, as the unemployed are not being given realistic employment opportunities, and people are still signing on for benefits, not for work. The New Deal programme is clearly not adapting to fit the needs of participants or the labour market, as people are entering New Deal not only for the second time, but a third, fourth or more occasions. New Deal should be implemented from day one of unemployment for young people, as the largest group are tho se who unemployed for up to six months, which is before the New Deal programme kicks in. More of the same will not work, and the government needs to change the way New Deal is programmed and fit it around the needs of individuals and help them back into the labour market. We will have to wait and see how the development of the Flexible New Deal helps to reduce unemployment, but if the current situation is anything to go by, the government has a lot to prove. Bibliography Books Daguerre, A. (2004) Importing Workfare: Policy Transfer of Social and Labour Market Policies from the USA to Britain under New Labour, Social Policy Administration. p41-50. DWP (2008) Transforming Britains Labour market: Ten years of the New Deal, Department for Work and Pensions, London. p2-10 Field, F. and White, P. (2007) Welfare isnt working The New Deal for Young People, Reform, UK. p7-23 Finn, D. (2003). Employment Policy. In N. Ellison C. Pierson (Eds.), Developments in British social policy 2 (pp. 111-128). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p111-128 Peck, J. (2001). Another New Deal: Workfare, United Kingdom style. Chapter 7 In J. Peck (Ed.), Workfare states (pp. 261-340). New York: Guilford Press. p261-315 Kay, J. (1998) Evolutionary Politics. Prospect July: 31-35 Wilkinson, D. (2003) New Deal For Young People: Evaluation Of Unemployment Flows, Policy Studies Institute, London. Internet Sources JRF-Joseph Rowntree Foundation. (2004) Labours welfare reform: Progress to date http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/labour%E2%80%99s-welfare-reform-progress-date (Date Accessed: 11/04/10) IFS- Institute for Fiscal Studies. (2001) Evaluating the employment impact of a mandatory job search assistance program. http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/1734 (Date Accessed: 11/04/10)

eBay Analysis Essay -- Case Study SWOT Business Model, solution

I. eBay’s Vision II. eBay’s Business Model III. Industry Analysis Background Porter’s five forces SWOT analysis IV. eBay Financials V. Summary and Recommendations I. eBay’s Vision: eBay was founded in the San Jose living room of Pierre Omidyar back in September 1995. The basic vision Omidyar had when he founded what became eBay was to create a person to person trading community based on democratic market principles; these principles allowed for a free flow of information, communication and ultimately transaction on tens of millions of items through the internet. Along with the help of Meg Whitman, a skilled branding manager, and a senior staff from such heavily branded companies as PepsiCo and Disney, they established a strong mission for the company- that eBay be a company that is in the business of connecting people, not selling them things. This founding vision set the course for eBay’s explosive growth, making it the world's online marketplace for the sale of goods and services by a diverse community of individuals and businesses. II. eBay’s Business Model Since its inception in 1995, eBay has become the market leader and innovator in the online auction industry and its brand has accordingly become synonymous with e-commerce. Rapid growth and being the first to market served eBay’s competitive strategy of differentiation well; there was really nothing like it out there: unique service, broad range of products and global reach. In addition, their target audience was quite diverse-on the buyer side you had everyone from hobbyists and collectors to the bargain hunters; on the seller side you had antique dealers, casual sellers, mom-and-pop businesses selling unique items and finally large well-known corporations liquidating their inventory. Buyers and sellers are brought together in a manner where sellers are permitted to list items for sale, buyers to bid on items of interest and all eBay users to browse through listed items in a fully automated way. The items are arranged by topics, where each type of auction has its own category . In terms of its core compentencies, eBay has both streamlined and globalized traditional person-to-person trading in the national and international arena, which had typically been conducted through such forms as garage sales, collectibles shows, flea markets and more, with their web interfac... ...ompetition. eBay has proven itself successful as the first to market-it should use its experience to be the first to market in places like India or Poland. Exhibit 1. SWOT analysis of eBay Strengths †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brand image †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ability to sell unique products/product diversity †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sheer volume of transactions †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Community and feedback forum †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety features †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Keen acumen in managing the value chain †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Senior management †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strong financials-revenue growth, profit margin, stock price, etc. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First to market  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weaknesses †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inability to sell at high volumes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slower response to infrastructure overload †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fraud cases/nonpayment to sellers Opportunities †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Value chain partners/alliances/acquisitions †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Developing nations going online †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their wider view of market penetration †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fixed price transaction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threats †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology threats such as viruses, power outages, system overload †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of market share in online auction industry †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Revenue/market share loss due to fixed price auctions †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High profile fraud cases/security breaches †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political unrest, currency volatility in developing markets

Career Plan Building Activity: Reasoning Aptitude

Completing the Career Plan Reasoning Aptitude Survey my profile shows that I could work well in careers where success comes from applying practical skills and where thinking is used mostly to solve practical problems. It also states that I am likely to be attracted to very practical jobs and careers. There are two tabs, Strengths and Opportunities for the results of the Reasoning Aptitude Survey. The first tab Strengths has five bars and out of five bars I received three for each of the six categories. The six category results show I focus on customer needs and satisfaction, sets high standards for both quality and quantity, works in an orderly way, and achieves project goals. I show an interest in new experiences, I am punctual, follows instruction, safety instructions and requirements of their role, adapts to changing circumstances, and I adapt interpersonal style to suit different people or situations. The next tab is opportunities and there are also 5 bars for score and six categories, on opportunities I received one bar out five and I am unable to get the results to these categories. My thinking style can help influence my approach to arguments by being more in tune with the different ways people understand and learn things and how I approach these methods of understanding. Consider how to best respond to others whether it is information for a meeting or another co worker and evaluate how each person will receive the information. By learning how to approach others and understand how each person learns will allow me to be able to communicate persuasively with others and build a rapport with others.

Free Essays on Overview Of Piaget, Kohlberg, And Erikson And Their Different Theories

Overview of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson and their different theories One of the first researchers to develop an in-depth chart of the early beginnings of an infant to the constant wheels are turning adolescent was none other than Jean Piaget. He believed that all children travel through the same phases, never skipping even one before entering into the next stage. Piaget stated that throughout each the individual is no smarter than one in a more advanced stage, only their thinking process varies. These four stages are known as the Periods of Cognitive Development. Piaget introduced schemas during that time, which are mental images or generalized ideas formed while experiencing the world. The first stage is called Sensorimotor, which occurs from 0-2 years of age. During this time infants form simple ideas about their surroundings. The infant decides which objects are appropriate for sucking. They accomplish this through assimilation, where they try out new objects to see how it fits into their environment. Also when an object will not work, as they like, he or she may use accommodation, and will change it around to make it work for the particular schema they would like. At first an infant does not think about something that is not currently present. When they see something then they will react. Later around 4 to 8 months the infant will start to develop object performance, where they realize something still exists even if it is out of sight. Around 18 to 24 months their grasp of this concept is fully developed. During this time they also begin to appreciate cause and effect, and try out different things to see what reaction might occur. Around 8 to 9 months and peaking at 13 months, stranger anxiety kicks in, and the infant becomes very upset when separated from their primary care giver. The second phase is called Preoperational Development, taking place from 2- 6 years of age. Children begin to represent things th... Free Essays on Overview Of Piaget, Kohlberg, And Erikson And Their Different Theories Free Essays on Overview Of Piaget, Kohlberg, And Erikson And Their Different Theories Overview of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson and their different theories One of the first researchers to develop an in-depth chart of the early beginnings of an infant to the constant wheels are turning adolescent was none other than Jean Piaget. He believed that all children travel through the same phases, never skipping even one before entering into the next stage. Piaget stated that throughout each the individual is no smarter than one in a more advanced stage, only their thinking process varies. These four stages are known as the Periods of Cognitive Development. Piaget introduced schemas during that time, which are mental images or generalized ideas formed while experiencing the world. The first stage is called Sensorimotor, which occurs from 0-2 years of age. During this time infants form simple ideas about their surroundings. The infant decides which objects are appropriate for sucking. They accomplish this through assimilation, where they try out new objects to see how it fits into their environment. Also when an object will not work, as they like, he or she may use accommodation, and will change it around to make it work for the particular schema they would like. At first an infant does not think about something that is not currently present. When they see something then they will react. Later around 4 to 8 months the infant will start to develop object performance, where they realize something still exists even if it is out of sight. Around 18 to 24 months their grasp of this concept is fully developed. During this time they also begin to appreciate cause and effect, and try out different things to see what reaction might occur. Around 8 to 9 months and peaking at 13 months, stranger anxiety kicks in, and the infant becomes very upset when separated from their primary care giver. The second phase is called Preoperational Development, taking place from 2- 6 years of age. Children begin to represent things th...

How to Convert Nanometers to Angstroms

How to Convert Nanometers to Angstroms This example problem demonstrates how to convert nanometers to angstroms. Nanometers (nm) and angstroms  (Ã…) are both linear measurements used to express extremely small distances. Conversion Problem The spectra  of the element mercury have a bright green line with a wavelength of 546.047 nm. What is the wavelength of this light in angstroms? Solution 1 nm 10-9 m1 Ã… 10-10 m Set up the conversion so the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want angstroms to the remaining unit. wavelength in Ã… (wavelength in nm) x (1 Ã…/10-10 m) x (10-9 m/1 nm)wavelength in Ã… (wavelength in nm) x (10-9/10-10) Aring/nm)wavelength in Ã… (wavelength in nm) x (10 Aring/nm)wavelength in Ã… (546.047 x 10) Ã…wavelength in Ã… 5460.47 Ã… Answer The green line in mercurys spectra has a wavelength of 5460.47 Ã… It may be easier to remember there are 10 angstroms in 1 nanometer. This would mean a conversion from nanometers to angstroms would mean moving the decimal place one place to the right.

Healthcare Quilaty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthcare Quilaty - Essay Example The groups of hospitals are managed by the Central Manchester University Hospitals Trust. The hospitals specialize in different medical fields; the hospitals include Manchester Royal Infirmary, Royal Manchester Children’s hospital, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital University, Dental hospital of Manchester, Saint Mary’s Hospital and Trafford Hospitals (Gorsky, Mohan & Willis, 2006). Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital was reopened in 2009 and it provides specialist medical services for children and the young people across North West region. The medical institution caters for the national residents as well as the international people. The hospital cares for more than 200,000 patients every year. The institution specializes in a variety of medical conditions namely genetics, transplant of the bone marrow, burns, orthopaedics, oncology and haematology. The institution also provides family accommodation facilities (Shaw, 2014).   The dentistry department is among the key specialists in the hospital serving about 90,000 patients every year both children and adults. Their equipments are ultra modern offering a unique patient experience during treatment. The department caters for dental conditions and facial reconstructions. There is also an emergency unit which runs up to late in the night (Ireland, 2010).   The Manchester Royal Eye Hospital provides a wide range of eye medical services. It has a huge out-patient facility including 5 theaters, five laser rooms and two ultra sound rooms. Their services include optometry, ocular prosthetics, laser unit, emergency care services, referral centre, ultrasound center, ophthalmic imaging, electrodiagnosis and the modernized eye bank (Hoyt & Taylor, 2013).   Among the other group of hospitals, Manchester Royal Infirmary is the oldest having been formed in 1752 as a small dispensary. It is now a big teaching and specialists center for sickle

TQM Strategy & Toolkit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

TQM Strategy & Toolkit - Essay Example rts as it can be used for identifying organizational procedures, ideas, cause and effect matters and business statistics that are related to the business organization. This piece of research work is an attempt to examine the relevance and organizational significance of Total Quality Management with relation to the case of Financial Collection Solutions and Services (FCSS). This paper identifies most appropriate TQM tools that can help the company develop its software based business of credit cards and other payment solutions. The concept of Total Quality Management and its importance in the business and economy have dramatically increased in recent years because it has been considered to be an effective strategy that can help managers to become accustomed to the changes in both technology and changing customer attitudes as well customer demands. When the business contexts continue changing and are challenged by innovative and technological advances, the business must be able to adjust with changes and to provide goods and services according to the changing business contexts. Customers, competitors, employees and stakeholders all are putting maximum pressure on managers to quickly innovate and change the business route. Total Quality Management is one approach that has emerged to meet these changing forces. This approach also has been termed as Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) and Leadership Through Quality (LTQ) (Brown and Harvey). One of the very basic tasks and objectives of the management is to achieve quality in the business. According to Peter F Drucker, a business must be able to create a customer in a way that it can satisfy him by providing some product or services that he wants (Burril and Ledolter, 1999). A business can be said to have achieved the required ‘quality’ when it provides excellent products or services with required attractiveness, with no defects, and with reliability and long term dependability. Customers demand high value and

Case study Internal Control, LJB Company Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internal Control, LJB Company - Case Study Example The report must explain the effectiveness of the internal control procedures and mechanisms of the company during the most current fiscal year. Some of controls areas that the SEC expects companies to cover include fraud prevention, risk assessment, and accounting procedures. SOX also includes a clause that stipulates that major executive managers of public companies, including the CEO, must sign the quarterly and annual financial statements assuring they are free of material error and fraud. If fraud is detected in the financial information, the CEO could be liable up to 25 years in prison (Whitecollarfirm, 2011). LBJ Company is doing some things well. The controller is a valuable asset to the business. The company uses multiple processes that are needed to have good internal controls such as bank reconciliations and asking for a written explanation if an employee uses the petty cash account. The petty cash process can be improved by asking the employees for a receipt of the purchase. Further recommendations to the petty cash process will be mentioned in the next paragraph. In terms of fostering a good corporate culture, the managerial staff is showing loyalty, empowerment, and a belief in the employees. There are many internal control issues at LBJ Company. First, the accounting department is understaffed, which has the controller serving too many functions. This creates internal control deficiencies in the entire system. The controller should not be making purchases, receiving checks, or making bank deposits. Nobody is overseeing the work performed by the controller. I recommend the company hire two additional accountants for the department. The company also needs to raise the level of accountability and to verify the work of the department. This can be done by implementing two company audits twice a year to be performed by an independent auditor with CPA credentials. The

Career Plan Essay Example for Free

Career Plan Essay I have completed the career profiler. I have learned that I am conventional, enterprising, and social. I am very detail orientated. My strengths include organizing, delivering results, following instructions, coping with pressure, entrepreneurial thinking, and I am goal focused. The career profiler accurately described my strengths. My work culture results were ethical, supportive, and well resourced. I believe in fairness and respect among all people. Each person needs to be responsible for their actions and learn from them. Support is a key point to any management position. A manger needs to be able to listen to their employees and focus on their welfare. A mangers role is to make their employees successful. I believe that this course has taught me to be a charismatic leader with a democratic style of leadership. I also like a well resourced company. In order to be successful at your job the company must have the resources for you to achieve. Working for a disorganized employer is very discouraging for an employee. I have also learned my weaknesses that I need to work on to further my career. I have learned that I need to working on my leading, networking, persuading, writing, presenting, and researching. I plan to work on these areas by becoming more confident and learning new techniques to improve on these skills. During this class I have learned new techniques and leadership theories that I can build on. I plan on building on the leadership theories so that I can prepare for Management Candidate School through USAA.

Reviewing The Usefulness Of Official Statistics Criminology Essay

Reviewing The Usefulness Of Official Statistics Criminology Essay Official statistics give information on the number of crimes commit that are collected directly from each police. They claim to provide answers to two questions; the extent of crime, and who commits it. Criminologists have identified the problem of official statistics giving a false picture of the level and type of crime that actually exists. As a result, other types of information are turned to including victim surveys, longitudinal research and self-report studies. This essay will begin by exploring the uses of official statistics then go on to explore the problems with the data. The other types of data available will then be outlined and the usefulness of them will be evaluated. Offical statistics are figures that have been collected by the police and are published by the Home Office annually and contain data on crimes known to by the police. Official statistics have the use of showing trends in crime that can easily be compared over time. For example, the Office for National Statistics (2008) published a report saying In England and Wales, 4,060 Anti-social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) were issued in 2005, over 18 per cent more than the previous year. They also clearly show which social group is more likely to commit certain types of crime. This could be the persons age, ethnicity, social class. They allow police to know where their priorities should be and aid governments in setting their policies on crime. To a criminologists point of view, they are a free, secondary source of data that are going to be useful even if it is just to identify how much of a dark-figure there is. The term Dark-figure is ultimately the entire problem with using official statistics to study crime. The dark figure is defined as the amount of crime which is unreported or unknown about. The total amount of crime is made up of those that are known of and recorded, and the dark figure of crime (Online Dictionary Of The Social Sciences 2008). The dark figure is said to exist due to the social construction of crime. This is the idea that what is seen as criminal behaviour to one person may not be to another. The result there are crimes that the public to do not report to the police, and there are crimes that the police to not record. These make up a large number of crimes that are not recorded by the police, and make up the dark figure. Unreported crimes occur for a range of reasons, and are a massive contributor to the dark figure, which removes usefulness from official statistics. The police rely on the public to inform them about crime, they do not generally find out about crimes themselves. As Maguire et. Al (2002:322) said; whether people perceive a particular action or event as crime, let alone whether they report it as such to anyone elseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can vary according to their own knowledge, awareness, or feelings about crime, which in turn may be influenced by the general public mood or the preoccupations of politicians and the media. Crimes will only generally go reported where there is a victim, therefore there is a large number of victimless crimes which the police are not getting told about. Typical crimes of this nature included traffic offences and violations of laws regarding public decency such as public drunkenness. These crimes will all contribute to the dark figure. Crimes may not be reported t o the police if it is not perceived to be serious. The victim may regard the offence as trivial and believe that reporting it to the police is more effort than it is worth. A major source of unreported crime comes from white-collar crimes. Edwin Sutherland came up with the concept in 1945 which, at the time, was a very different idea of crime from anything before (Coleman and Moyniham 1996:9). Sutherland (1940 cited in Coleman and Moyniham 1996:9) defined the concept as crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupations. Crimes of this nature could include bribery and corruption in business and politics, the breaking of trade regulations and breaking food and drug laws. Some crimes may be committed by organizations or corporations themselves, rather than an individual, and are often known as corporate crimes. Sutherland (1940 cited in Coleman and Moyniham 1996:9) explains how these types of crimes are very widespread, yet a measure of them doesnt appear in police records. Prosecutions are unlikely due to the apparent trivial nature of the crime, and often it is difficult to get sufficient evidence. Ge nerally, other procedures are used to deal with these criminals, such as civil actions or those of special agencies. Firms are unlikely to prosecute employees over internal crime to the company such as stealing property, as they believe the result will be their company looking bad. He goes on to explain that white-collar criminals are the most damaging of all due to the results. These crimes will therefore make up a large proportion of all crimes committed, yet the majority of them are not included in official statistics, so contributing to making them useful to study. Another major contributor to official statistics not giving a true picture on crime is crimes that go unrecorded by the police. Simmons and Dodd (2003) point out that the police have a legal obligation to record all crime, however over 30% of all crimes reported to the police in 2002/3 were not recorded. Cases where crimes arent recorded include cases where the crime is seen by the police as being trivial and the offence minor. The police may see that the time taken to fill in the paper work on a minor crime or one where catching the victim is unlikely is simply a waste of time. A process known as cuffing is where police downgrade crimes in order to meet Home Office efficiency targets. They may even make a crime disappear all together so it does not show up in statistics, for example theft can be downgraded to lost property, which is not a crime. This may be done in cases where police pay is partially determined by clean-up rates, so it is in their interest to have a low number of cr imes recorded. An example of this is in a recent news article where Alan Travis (2008) said, the Home Office disclosed that up to 17 police forces have been under-recording some types of the most serious violent crime. There is further dispute in the usefulness of official statistics from the problem that certain crimes appear more frequently than others. A key cause of this is media amplification. This is where certain crimes are concentrated on by the media and made out to be big problems (often when they are not), known as moral panics. The result is that the police will concentrate more of their time in areas where these people are. This could mean that the tendency of the police to concentrate in low income areas may mean higher arrests of the working class, which may distort the figures. It could also be argued that police resources are devoted to patrolling public places, which is where most young males spend their social life, so leading to higher arrest rates amongst them and distortion to the statistics. As a response to the problems of the data in official statistics, a number of alternative ways are also used to study crime. The most popular alternative if the British Crime Survey, which is a victimization study. The British Crime Survey was first conducted in 1981 and has become an annual event since 2000. The Home Office carries out the victim study so they dont have to simply rely on using police statistics to study crime, and see it as being more reliable than police statistics for certain types of crime. The survey itself involves asking a sample of 47,000 adults if they have been the victim of crime in the previous year. It also asks individuals if they reported the crime, and whether the police ultimately recorded it. Data from the British Crime Survey may reveal that there are either more or less offences in particular categories, implying that an offence is being either under reported or that it is being reported accurately. All in all then, the BCS data seems to indicate that official statistics on crime do not provide a valid picture of the extent of crime, and overall they may underestimate the trend.  However, we cannot say that the British Crime Survey is giving a true picture, as there are also many limitations with the survey. Maguire (2002) explains how there are categories of crime that are not included in the British Crime Survey that are included in police statistics. This could include cases where there is a commercial or corporate victim (such as shop-lifting), or if it is a victimless crime. He also noted that sexual offences have been reported so rarely that it is not possible to put forward reliable statistics. Another major flaw with the survey is that it excludes offences against victims under sixteen years old. He goes on to explain that national surveys are therefore much less useful at obtaining information about certain incidents of crime than others. He makes it clear that the BCS, therefore, it cannot be too heavily stressed , provides an alternative, rather than a directly comparable, overall picture of crime to that offered by police statistics: it is fuller than the latter in some respects, but narrower in others. (Maguire 2002). Another form of information on crime is Self-report studies. These are where questionnaires or interviews are conducted in confidence to collect information about individuals, and ask them to admit to the number of crimes they have committed, including those which they were not caught. The data can then be compared with official conviction rates to determine which offences are most likely to be committed. Maguire (2002) concluded that: On the one hand, these suggest that crime is committed by a much larger proportion of the population than is officially held responsible for it. On the other hand, survey respondents who have previously been in trouble with the law tend to admit to more serious and more frequent offending behaviour than people who have never been convicted The studies are useful as people generally do not fear getting in trouble for admitting to the offences, so a more valid picture of the number and extent of crime is given. Self-report studies do however come with fundamental problems. Unreliable answers are believed to be obtained as; respondents may exaggerate when answering questions, respondents may be embarrassed so either not admit to a crime or give an unreliable account of it, respondents may have forgotten the full details of a crime they committed. The majority of self-reported studies survey are conducted on samples of school and college students, and are rarely used on adults. This therefore doesnt make them a good technique in studying the general level of crime in society. The surveys are also likely to undercover minor and trivial crimes, but not find out about the major and less common more serious crimes. For this reason, the self-report study cannot be said to be an effective way of investigating crime. Overall, it appears that there is not single method effective in studying crime, and while the official statistics do contain the dark-figure, they do provide a very useful starting point. When used in combination with the British Crime Survey, the inaccuracy from the dark figure becomes less problematic, and a truer picture of crime is given. Neither is an effective source of information on its own, and only give part of the picture.